Power in the Supply Chain

An Interactive Guide Through the Lens of Resource Dependence Theory (RDT)

1. How does RDT connect to power?

Resource Dependence Theory (RDT) argues that organizations are not self-sufficient. To survive and thrive, they must acquire critical resources from their external environment, creating a web of dependencies.

The fundamental connection is this: Power is the inverse of dependence.

According to RDT, Party A has power over Party B if B depends on A for a critical resource. Power isn't a personality trait; it's a structural condition that arises from the pattern of resource flows between organizations.

Interactive Power Meter

Adjust the sliders to see how the balance of power shifts between a resource provider (Party A) and a resource recipient (Party B).

Low (Optional) High (Essential)
Low (Automated) High (Can Withhold)
Many None (Monopoly)

Party A's Power Over Party B

Moderate

With moderately important resources and some alternatives, the power dynamic is balanced.

2. What research questions emerge?

Placing power at the center of the investigation helps explain how and why AI is reconfiguring supply chain relationships. Here are some emergent questions framed through the RDT lens.

RQ1: How does control over AI-generated data on worker performance and supply chain compliance become a critical resource that enhances the power of certain stakeholders (e.g., management) over others (e.g., workers)?

Why ask this? It frames data as a tangible resource, allowing you to see if those who own and interpret AI have gained a new lever of control.

RQ2: In what ways do supply chain actors (e.g., SMEs) become newly dependent on AI tech providers or large clients with proprietary AI systems to ensure their own market survival?

Why ask this? It explores new dependencies. Power might shift not just between traditional actors but also to external tech giants.

RQ3: How do powerful downstream firms leverage AI-driven monitoring to enforce social sustainability standards, and how does this affect the autonomy and control of their upstream suppliers?

Why ask this? This examines AI as a mechanism of coercive power. Is it a tool for collaboration or for risk reduction by dominant firms?

RQ4: What strategies do less powerful stakeholders (e.g., unions, workers) use to counteract their increased dependence on AI-monitored systems? Are they creating "counter-resources"?

Why ask this? RDT isn't just about domination; it's about strategic response. This explores agency, resistance, and the dynamic nature of power.

3. Operationalizing RDT in the Qualitative Interviews

The goal is to move beyond asking "Who has power?" and instead ask questions that reveal the underlying dependencies that create power imbalances. This blueprint is designed to uncover narratives about control, constraint, autonomy, and strategic responses related to the critical new resource: AI systems and the data they generate.

Part 1: Foundational Questions (For All Participants)

These questions set the stage and establish context before diving into RDT-specific themes.

Rapport & Context:

  • "Could you please describe your role and your main responsibilities, particularly as they relate to supply chain operations or sustainability?"
  • "From your perspective, what have been the most significant changes in your industry over the last five years regarding technology?"

Introducing the "Resource" (AI):

  • "When you hear the term 'Artificial Intelligence' in the context of the supply chain, what comes to mind?"
  • "Can you tell me about any specific AI-driven tools or systems your organization uses? What problem are they meant to solve?"

Part 2: RDT-Informed Thematic Probes (Tailored by Stakeholder)

This is the core of the investigation. Elicit stories and perceptions related to the three pillars of dependence: Criticality, Discretion, and Alternatives.

Perspective: They are often the agents implementing AI, managing dependencies on clients and tech providers, and exerting power over suppliers and workers.

Theme: Criticality of AI as a Resource
  • "How essential are these AI systems for meeting your KPIs for efficiency or social sustainability?"
  • "What would happen if you lost access to this technology or its data tomorrow?"
  • "Is this technology becoming a requirement for doing business with your major clients?"
Theme: Discretion and Control over the Resource
  • "Who decides which data points the AI will track? Who has the authority to interpret and act on the results?"
  • "Give a specific example of how this technology has changed your ability to manage suppliers' social compliance."
  • "When the system flags an issue (e.g., excessive overtime), walk me through the process of how that's handled."
Theme: Availability of Alternatives
  • "When considering this AI solution, what other options were on the table? Were there non-AI alternatives?"
  • "How difficult would it be to switch from your current AI provider to another one? What are the barriers?"

Perspective: They are often the subjects of AI monitoring and experience the effects of power shifts directly. Their autonomy is a key variable.

Theme: Criticality of the AI's "Output"
  • "How is your performance measured? How much is done by an automated or AI system?"
  • "How does the system's evaluation affect your bonus, shifts, or job security?"
Theme: Discretion and Control (or lack thereof)
  • "Do you have any input into how the system measures your work? Can you see the data it collects?"
  • "Tell me about a time you disagreed with the system's assessment. What could you do about it?"
  • "Who do you talk to if you feel the system is being unfair?"
Theme: Alternatives & Strategic Responses
  • "Has the system changed how you work? Are there 'workarounds' people use?"
  • "If you felt managed unfairly by an algorithm, what are your options?"

Perspective: Their power depends on accessing information and influencing corporate behavior. AI can be both a threat and an opportunity.

Theme: Criticality of Information as a Resource
  • "How has AI monitoring affected your ability to get a clear picture of working conditions?"
  • "Do you find company-generated AI compliance reports to be reliable? Why or why not?"
Theme: Discretion and Control
  • "Are companies willing to share data from their AI systems with you?"
  • "In your view, who is being left out of the conversation when these AI systems are designed?"
Theme: Alternatives & Counter-Power Strategies
  • "What new strategies is your organization developing to independently verify labor conditions?"
  • "Are you exploring ways to use technology to create a 'counter-resource' of data?"
  • "How do you try to influence the powerful actors (brands, tech companies) who control these systems?"

Probing Techniques to Uncover Power Dynamics

Participants may not use the word "power." Using its proxies: autonomy, control, fairness, voice, constraint, and dependence.

Use Critical Incident Questions

"Tell me about a specific time when..." This grounds abstract concepts in concrete experiences.

Follow the Chain of Dependence

When a manager says, "We had to because our client demanded it," probe further: "What gave them the leverage to make that demand?"

Listen for Contrasts

"How does this compare to how things were done before?" This highlights the shift in practices and power.

Explore Feelings and Perceptions

"What was your main concern when you heard about this new system?" This can reveal feelings of powerlessness or empowerment.